Deafness Has Been A Negative Label. Being Deaf Is Considered

Deafness has been a negative label. Being Deaf is considered to be a disability solely on the belief that an individual who is Deaf is not â€Å"normal† due to their hearing loss. Most individuals do not believe that there are any benefits or positives from being Deaf, nor do they believe that a Deaf individual will ever be able to live a happy and fulfilled life. However, Deaf individuals do not view themselves as disabled nor do they view their lives lacking anything, rather they view their Deafness as a gain. According to H-Dirksen Bauman and Joseph Murray, â€Å"Deaf Gain is defined as a reframing of ‘deaf’ as a form of sensory and cognitive diversity that has the potential to contribute to the greater good of humanity† (285). This is solely†¦show more content†¦Hearing individuals can also benefit from learning a visual language, such as American Sign Language. Learning American Sign Language as a second language and becoming bilingual can he lp brain development as well as academic success. Laura-Ann Petitto, who is a cognitive neuroscientist, explains that, â€Å"being exposed to two languages from birth and in particular, being exposed to a signed and spoken language from birth does not cause a child to be language delayed and confused† (Petitto, 2001). Rather the brain can handle dual languages. Being bilingual can enhance cognitive development and in particular, learning sign language can increase reading and spelling scores. Petitto found from her research that â€Å"children who’ve had early exposure to sign language are actually stronger readers in English than children who are deaf and who have not had access to sign language as well as monolingual hearing English children† (Petitto, 2001). Sign language also helps individuals master spelling by fingerspelling words. Although there are many benefits for brain development as well as benefits for academic work, American Sign Language also entails learning about the Deaf community, which can benefit hearing individuals understanding of the world. Sign Language creates a sense of belonging and trust that oral languages are not capable of achieving. When two signersShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hearing On Children With Disabilities1453 Words   |  6 Pagesof a substantially limiting impairment, or are regarded as having a disability. Deaf people are limited in some functions because of an impairment of hearing. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports â€Å"deaf† individuals do not hear well enough to rely on their hearing to process speech and language; some individuals with mild to moderate hearing impairments may be â€Å"hard of hearing† but are not â€Å"deaf† (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). More than 20 million people inRead MoreThe Eff ects Of Deafness On Deaf Children1669 Words   |  7 PagesDeafness has been viewed as a negative label regarding someone with a hearing loss. The term Deaf is considered to be a disability solely on the fact that an individual who is Deaf is not â€Å"normal† due to their hearing loss. Most individuals do not believe that there are any benefits or positives from being Deaf, nor do they believe that a Deaf individual will ever be able to live a happy and fulfilled life. Deaf individuals do not view themselves as disabled nor do they view their lives as a lossRead MoreHearing The Differences Of The Deaf Culture1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdebilitating hearing loss. Hearing loss and deafness is more common than what it’s perceived to be. Hearing individuals may view people with a type of loss as a minority. Every minority group has their story to tell. The Deaf have a very unique story, but they are not a minority group but rather a culture. Carol Paden author of Inside D eaf Culture defines a culture as a group of people that share language, values, rules of behavior, and traditions. The Deaf culture is unlike any other culture seen beforeRead More Ethnic Minorities in America Essay2219 Words   |  9 Pagesas women, homosexuals and people with disabilities. By definition, the hearing majority classifies Deaf people as minorities because of their inability to hear. Yet linguists and social scientists argue that the basis of Deaf peoples status as a minority group is not one of disability, but as a cultural and linguistic minority (Lane, Hoffmeister and Bahan: 1996: 335-6). In order to assert that Deaf people are a linguistic and cultural minority in America the characteristics of a minority group mustRead MoreThe Deaf : Deaf And Deaf2745 Words   |  11 PagesIn the Deaf world, the people who are Deaf, deaf, hard-of-hearing, and orals have many defined of each term to identify what they are. They once thought that they are part of the Deaf Culture in which they would think that where they belong. In this research, this will discuss about the difference and how it impact the Deaf community within their culture, value, experiences. Also people who are deaf have experiences stereotyping from those people who don’t understand their culture. There are alsoRead MoreDefining Deaf Culture Essay2071 Words   |  9 Pageswould probably be quite offended. That is what the Deaf community has had to deal with constantly for the past 40 years because of the social unawareness of much of the hearing community. 90% of all deaf children are born to hearing parents who never thought much about the deaf community (Bat-Chava). That is why in mainstream society, the quality of being deaf is seen as a disability rather than something to be praised. The common view of deafness is that it is simply a person who cannot hear andRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 PagesJourney Into Deaf-World Chapter 1 Chapter one is basically an introduction to the issues that are discussed throughout the book. Chapter one introduces all the people that are constantly referred to throughout the book. Ben Bahan is the narrator and introduces us to Jake Cohan, Laurel Case, Roberto Rivera and Henry Byrne. Ben is a CODA, Child Of Deaf Adults, and like many CODA’s tried to stray from the deaf community be was eventually drawn back to it. He is currently teaching at the only deaf collegeRead MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagesumbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome or depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation, or limited social supports). Long ago there was great confusion over the meaning of terms such as impairment, handicap, or disability.   Then, in 1980, the WHO provided great service by offering a clear wayRead MoreDescription Of An Example Of A Presentation8050 Words   |  33 Pagesof America Home Page) Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. The result of neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain, autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as many as 1 in 500 individuals (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997). Autism is four times more prevalent in boys than girls and knows no racial, ethnic, or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle, and educationalRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesin health foods and healthy alternatives for conventional foods. It also presents opportunities for low-fat ice creams.’ Or, in analysing the demographics of the Cochlearâ„ ¢ ï ¬ rm, you may conclude that there is a global market of 1.8 million profoundly deaf people and that this provides a huge undeveloped market for the implantable hearing devices industry. STEP 3 THE INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT E X T E R N A L A N A LY S I S S T E P 1 W H AT INDUSTRY IS IT? You must decide on this early. This

System Integrity and Validation - 1007 Words

Abstract In addition to the audit plan for the analyzed processes, of Kudler Fine Foods, encouragement of ways to improve audit documentation and process, by using computer technology was addressed to Kudler’s management team. As a result, Kudler Fine Foods management team is considering incorporating proposed computer assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) within its systems. CAATs will increase efficiency levels of an auditor’s personal productivity during analysis and data extraction of the audit which is beneficial to the performance of Kudler. CAAT will also service as a validation agent providing assurance of data integrity and reliability to the operations of Kudler Fine Foods for its users. CAAT surfaces inconsistencies that can†¦show more content†¦188). Types of CAATs include: ï‚ § Generalized Audit Software (GAS) – allows the auditor to perform tests on computer files and databases. ï‚ § Custom Audit Software (CAS) – generally written by auditors for specific audit tasks. CAS is necessary when the organization’s computer system is not compatible with the auditor’s GAS or when the auditor wants to conduct some testing that may not be possible with the GAS. ï‚ § Test Data – the auditor uses test data for testing the application controls in the client’s computer programs. The auditor includes simulated valid and invalid test data, used to test the accuracy of the computer system’s operations. This technique can be used to check data validation controls and error detection routines, processing logic controls, and arithmetic calculations, to name a few. ï‚ § Parallel Simulation – the auditor must construct a computer simulation that mimics the client’s production programs. ï‚ § Integrated Test Facility – the auditor enters test data along with actual data in a normal application run (Pogrob, K. Isenberg, G., 1999). Audit Productivity Tasks advantages provided through audit software tools with similarities to that of CAATs such as Computer Associates’ Advantage CA Easytrieve, and Interactive Data Extraction and Analysis (IDEA) grant auditors speed and time for data confirmation as well as reduction in errors orShow MoreRelatedSystem Integrity and Validation1262 Words   |  6 PagesSystem Integrity and Validation ACC 542 System Integrity and Validation In the past months, Jarowito Company has analyzed carefully Kudler Fine Foods accounting information system. It has explored the key business and the accounting information needed. It has analyzed strength and weaknesses of the systems and technology, suggesting some technology opportunities. It has evaluated the possible threats, suggesting how to avoid them.Read MoreSystem Integrity and Validation1083 Words   |  5 Pages System Integrity and Validation ACC/542 March, 2 2014 Prof: Edgar Coronel Preface Kudler Fine Food is a specialty food store that caters their service to a variety of special clients. Providing great service has been a calling card for Kudler Fine Food. Since their first store was open back in 1998, they have enjoyed great success. This has also allowed them to open a few more locations. Having the ability to have a strong accounting information system and greatRead MoreSystem Integrity and Validation1049 Words   |  5 Pagesimplemented that will assist Kudler in creating a framework for their audits. CAATs are divided into two techniques that will be beneficial to Kudler. The first is validating application integrity. The purpose of this technique is to find whether the source code has been compromised. Verifying the overall integrity of the applications is the second CAATs technique. This technique’s objective is to ensure that the data was imported correctly and also to find any irregularities within the data. DueRead MoreEssay about System Integrity and Validation1055 Words   |  5 Pageshead: System Integrity and Validation System Integrity and Validation Aaron Stewart University of Phoenix Accounting Information Systems ACC/542 MBAY0ZDVQ0 Yasin Dadabhoy September 19, 2011 Preface Kudler Finer Foods has a very strong accounting information system in place but there is room for improvement. Kudler’s has taken the steps in the correct direction by implementing an industry specific system. ComputerRead MoreSystem Integrity And Validation Of A Fine Foods1168 Words   |  5 Pages System Integrity and Validation Christopher Gaten ACC/542 Anita Rodriguez January 25, 2016 Over the last several weeks, there have been several recommendations made to update and replace the current software of Kudler Fine Foods IT audit systems. These recommendations have been made in hopes of making the company more efficient and profitable. According to most recent research, there are several audit systems that seem to best suit all audit functions of Kudler Fine Foods. Having saidRead MoreSystem Integrity and Validation - Kudler Fine Foods1033 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Assignment: System Integrity and Validation - Kudler Fine Foods Over the past few weeks our team has looked into a number of aspects of Kudler Fine Foods and made recommendations as necessary in hopes of updating and replacing existing components of the companies IT systems in hopes of making the company more productive and profitable. Last week out team focused on the importance of audits and at a number of different types of audits that should be conducted to future evaluate the companyRead More†¢ Biomarker work plan and target population A biomarker work plan should be prepared before the1400 Words   |  6 Pagesrequirements for the assay. This plan can also specify the level of rigor to be applied to the assay validation and sum up purposes of study and the intended use of assay data. (Lee, J. W., et al. (2006). Fit-for-purpose method development and validation for successful biomarker measurement. Pharm Res 23(2): 312-328.) †¢ Sample Collection Results from biomarker assays are reliable if sample integrity is maintained from sample collection by analysis. First, consistent application of predefined sampleRead MoreStudy on Input Controls1573 Words   |  6 Pagescomputer application. Meanwhile, data could be entered into the computer by scheduled automated processing or manually. Input controls are the computer tools that assist in enhancing data integrity when data are entered into the system. The input controls perform different functions to enhance data validity and integrity. Functions of Input Controls Input controls are the computer tools that assist in ensuring that data are accurately processed through the application processing to ensure that dataRead MoreDatabase Migration Is The Transportation Of Data From Existing Database For New Database1570 Words   |  7 Pagesand 67% are not delivered on time†. This report highlights validation of migrated data using a proposed automated tool for quality assurance which is cost effective, timely efficient, resource operative and also manual data verification and validation. LITERATURE REVIEW In paper [3] discusses practice based testing and QA techniques to minimize or even eliminate risk. [4] Discussed validity, completeness, accuracy, timeliness, integrity and accessibility as the features of quality data. The bestRead MoreBased On The Study Of Various Security Models Of Cloud1030 Words   |  5 PagesAPI user agent connects specific cloud services. The proposed security model is shown in fig.1.2 it consists of the following security components. (i) Verification and validation (ii) security policies (iii) privilege control (iv) data protection (v) data security services (vi) threats/attacks detections. Verification and Validation: This unit is required in cloud computing not only to authenticate users but also to ensure the accuracy of data and services on the cloud. The significance of security

Review of Literature on Abortion in the Family Essay...

Review of Literature on Abortion in the Family Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continuously argued over for the past few years and probably for many more years to come. Women who are making the decision are effected emotionally, mentally, and physically since their bodies are going through many changes which it is not accustomed to. The main controversy is, whos right is it to abort? Many will argue and say it is the womans right to chose what she does with her own body, but what about the fathers right? The mans involvement in the abortion decision is not about the womans choice, it is about his own responsibility to her and the child (Arthur 1999). There are two sides to this abortion topic: the†¦show more content†¦Abortion advocates claim that since the fetus develops inside the womens body and since the pregnancy will have a profound affect on the womans life, the abortion should remain the womans decision. Bruce Robinson (1999) states that the womans life is saved from unraveling emotionally and are given the chance for a healthy, mature living because legal, safe abortion was an available choice. In the vast majority of cases, continuing the pregnancy does not pose a threat to the actual life of the mother, however, according to the opinion of an anonymous person in David Benders, Abortion: Opposing Views (1998), because it is so basic, the fight to life of the unborn child should take precedence over other rights of the mother, just as the right to life of a born child does. Dr. Berkich, a pro-life activist, claims that medical science has proved that the human embryo is biologically separate from its mother, therefore it is a human being (Smith 2000). Other pro-life activists point out that from the moment of conception, after the sperm penetrates the egg, a new individual is formed, genetically different from its mother and father. It is explained that the babys immediate environment are not part of the womans body, but are formed by the child and have the childs ch romosomes. Therefore, given the necessities of life, aShow MoreRelatedAbortion And Its Effects On Health1558 Words   |  7 Pages Elective abortion is common in the United States; according to one estimate approximately 21% of pregnancies, excluding miscarriages, are aborted (Jones Jerman, 2014, p. 5). Opponents of abortion correlate it with various negative mental health outcomes for the women who choose to terminate a pregnancy. The risks claimed to be associated include depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide. Some analyses have shown a meaningful increase in risk, and even assert that this risk can be directlyRead MoreSexual Health in Civilization Essay examples1671 Words   |  7 Pagescultures or groups are aware on how to prevent an unwanted pregnancy or have the knowledge of the transmission of sexually transmitted disease along with other reproductive health issues and or concerns. The Literature Research A combination of key phrases used to search for articles or literature pertaining to the research topic though USF libraries. On the USF Libraries home link I clicked on the Database tab and from the list of databases, I clicked on PubMed and entered the query for Sexual andRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesDemographic of Abortion Introduction In the 40 years since passing of the legislation by Roe v. Wade that gave women a choice to have abortion, a lot has changed. There has been a great deliberation on the topic of abortion. This includes issues surrounding problems of having abortions to the likely advantages of abortion. Legally induced abortion is defined as an operation or procedure which is performed by a licensed professional or physician with an intention of terminating a known or suspectedRead MoreA Pro-Choice Essay on Abortion1568 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Pro-choice abortion Man was born with an inalienable aspect of choice and it is with this aspect that the person will die holding to, indeed, at individual levels people have even the choice between living and death and can decided to end their lives even without informing anyone about it. There have been various attempts to stall this menace in the USA but the approaches have always looked at the issue of teenage pregnancy as a religious and family value issue hence missing the point atRead MoreThe Knowledge Level Of Adolescent Girls About Reproductive Health Issues1597 Words   |  7 Pagesis their level of awareness concerning the existence of family planning services?†¢ Is there a link between the knowledge level of adolescent girls about reproductive health issues and the incidence of unsafe induced abortion?†¢ Is there a connection between their level of awareness about family planning services and their usage of these services?†¢Is there a link between the acknowledge of family planning services and unsafe induced abortion? 1.3 GENERAL AIM OF STUDY The general aim of this studyRead More Comparing Where Are you going, Where Have You Been and Hills Like White Elephants1320 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom fairytale. Kozikowsky compares the story to the popular recent Disney tale â€Å"Cinderella† (1999). In â€Å"Where are you going, where have you been?† the setting of the story is not revealed at the beginning. The reader slowly learns about Connie’s family and her living condition throughout the story. In â€Å"Hills Like Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway, there is no dramatic situation at the beginning of the story either, rather He starts by giving us a detailed description of the setting. The reader getsRead MoreSociological Reflection1258 Words   |  6 Pagessteps of the process of scientific research or sociological research, the review of literature and intimate partner violence. Those seven impotent steps are research,problem statement,research questions ,review of literature,theoretical framework,hypothesis and variables, methods of data collection, methods of data analysis, findings and conclusion. Select and Frame the Research Question: Choose a topic, review literature, select variables, formulate hypothesis, and operationalize variables. ChooseRead MoreA Literature Review of the Popular Opinion on Abortion1651 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Literature Review Popular Opinion on Abortion Abortion has long been a source of acrimonious and controversial debate. It touches upon key ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, and legal issues. Opinions about abortion tend to be rooted in fundamental personal values which are unlikely to change. Many people, especially Christians, regard abortion as murder. Such people oppose abortion in varying degrees, calling their position Pro-Life. Others regard abortion as an excruciating yet criticalRead MoreAge, Education, And Income Correlation Attitudes Towards Abortion Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesCorrelation To Attitudes Towards Abortion Jillian Doan University of California, Irvine Introduction Abortion has remained a controversial issue since the 1970’s with Roe v. Wade being passed. Roe v. Wade, the 1973 Supreme Court case, states that as a person in the United States, one is given the right to privacy of any personal medical decision which includes whether a woman decides to receive an abortion or not. Over forty years later, opinions on abortion has remained relevant. WeRead MoreThe On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women1141 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination against Women (CEDAW), article 14 of Maternal Health Act 1948 is problematic since it states that ‘[t]he women are required to get content from their spouses in order to obtain an abortion’ (CEDAW, 2016, para. 38 (b)). However, the actual description in it is a doctor ‘may perform an Induced Abortion on a person who falls under any of the following items after obtaining consent from the relevant person and the spouse’ (Maternal Health Act 1948, Art. 14 (1 )). In other words, it does not regulate

Beveridge Report On The Welfare State - 1776 Words

This essay will discuss the key points of the ‘Beveridge report’ (1942), and evaluate the significance of the report on the welfare state. In November 1942, William Beveridge presented a report called, ‘Social Insurance and Allied Services’ to parliament. This was a summary of principles to improve upon the existing welfare benefits system, to benefit working people and the population. The document proposed a new system to be operated by one governing agency, called Social Security. This would be put in place by the state after World War 2 had ended. Overall Beveridge created the most revolutionary document in our history. Beveridge has played a significant role in evolving the Welfare State over the decades. (Robinson, 2003). The main†¦show more content†¦Administration – The Social Insurance scheme would need to make big changes to the administration process for this scheme to run smoothly and be successful. Beveridge wanted every worker to obtain one insurance document weekly, rather than two. He saw this as an opportunity for the new system to be under one governing agency called The Ministry of Social Security. The new system also implemented ‘classes’ to the National Insurance scheme, such as: Class I for employees: Class II for Employers, traders, self-employed and any other independent workers: Class III Housewives (this has now been amended for all people of working age, who have had a break in employment, or earn too little for it to be recorded): Class IV Others of working age or not working (self employed). The National Insurance scheme is still in force today, some changes have since been made to the insurance classes, but it still has the same point. The class you pay depends on your employment status and how much you earn, and whether you have any gaps in your National Insurance record. A great way to make the National Insurance more functional was changing the original two piece document just to one. Over 20 million people received these documents, so in essence this saved time, money and paperwork. Beveridge’s overall goal was to set in motion a strong Social Insurance Scheme that was functional and up to date, benefiting all involved to make theShow MoreRelatedThe Beveridge Report On The British Welfare State932 Words   |  4 Pagesseparate and distinct groups, as employed by the Beveridge Report, delegitimizes the experience of those individuals, both male and female, who do not conform to such categories. While its influence in shaping the British welfare state cannot be negated, the Beveridge Report conceals several troubling issues in terms of its treatment of women, in addition to its tendency to overlook the experience of working women. In particular, throughout the report women are often depicted as subordinate to andRead MoreThe Welfare State Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesTHE WELFARE STATE: The role and significance of the Beveridge Report in establishing the Welfare State in Britain. The purpose of this essay is to look at the long history of the Welfare State in Britain and the evolving social, economic and political changes in society today, as well as the birth of the Welfare State after the Second World War which was the turning point (watershed) in British History. The freshly appointed Labour government by then took on the job of setting up a ‘welfare state’Read MoreBeveridge Report Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesWhat were Beveridges 5 Giants? How did they relate to the 1930’s and how far did his 1942 report go towards defeating them? This essay will attempt to explain and asses what Bevereidges five giants were and how they related to the 1930s and how far his 1942 report went towards defeating them. Looking at each of the five Giants individually I will explain if a how they were defeated. Britain’s provision of welfare underwent a massive overhaul in the middle of the second World War .William BeveridgeRead MoreHistorical Evolution And The Socio -economic Perspectives Of National Health Service1482 Words   |  6 PagesIntro The aim of this report is to explore the historical evolution and the socio -economic perspectives of National Health Service (NHS) and Mental Health individuals. The report will explore the history as far as early Nineteenth Century to the present-day. The main focus will be on policies and legislation influenced the foundation of NHS and how it has progressed to meet mental health individual’s needs. The report will also address the needs of individuals, resourced, stigma and discriminationRead MoreFirstly, Social Policy Combines Sociology, Politics, And1214 Words   |  5 PagesFirstly, Social policy combines sociology, politics, and economics to study how governments and society work on issues of social welfare, individual wellbeing and social justice. ‘Before the old poor law’ during the Middle Ages, support was provided throughout parts of Europe through the Christian charity for the poor. The main organisations that set up the charities where monasteries and church. these charities made it easy for the poor people to survive if they left their lands to move to theRead MoreThe Effects of the Social Reforms of the Labour Government of 1945-19511567 Words   |  7 Pagesof 1945-1951 The Beveridge Report was published in 1942. Written by the Liberal Sir William Beveridge, it had identified what he called the â€Å"five giants† – the five gravest problems of British society. They were idleness (unemployment), want (poverty), disease, squalor and ignorance. Beveridge argued for a comprehensive social insurance scheme, universal access to healthcare and new attempts to avoid the mass unemployment of the 30’s. The report was wildly popular amongstRead MoreHow Children s Services Have Evolved Into Their Current Form913 Words   |  4 Pagesshow how and why children’s services have evolved into their current form in the UK. It will explore children’s services from the 19th to the 21st century and show how they have changed and developed. This essay will look at the welfare state in relation to the Beveridge report, the creation of the NHS and other children’s services, political ideologies and policies and legislation. It will conclude with modern day future challenges of children’s services including the five social evils. Children’s servicesRead MoreThe Main Influences Of Social Work1740 Words   |  7 Pagesmain influences which have had the most significant effect are the Industrial revolution which triggered the origins of social work in the 19th century, secondly the Second World War which encouraged the Seebohm a nd Beveridge report to be produced and most recently the Changing Lives: Report of the 21st Century Social Work Review (2006,) which was formed after the events of the two cases (Caleb Ness and the Scottish Borders case). This essay explores all three events and how they managed to make an impressionRead MoreTo what extent is the welfare state of the 21st century similar to that envisaged by William Beveridge?2155 Words   |  9 PagesTo what extent is the welfare state of the 21st century similar to that envisaged by William Beveridge? This essay will commence by explaining who William Beveridge was and what problems he seen within the welfare state. Following on from this, it will then compare the welfare state of the 21st century to that seen by William Beveridge in his famous â€Å"report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services† which was published on the 1st December 1942, discussing problemsRead MoreThe Main Features Of The Welfare State1638 Words   |  7 PagesA welfare state is a system in which the government provides benefits and services to its citizens intended to improve their well being, by providing for the social and economic security of the population. (Jary and Jary, 1995) This essay will explore the key features of the Welfare State from 1945 to 1970, analysing how effective they were at combating the ‘five giants’. The Second World War had a large effect on society. The whole nation had experienced such a terrible and traumatic time. There

The Role of E-commerce and Web 2.0 Services

Question: Discussabout International business Scenario and the role of E-commerce and Web 2.0 services? Answer: Introduction: International business has observed a great turnover in the last decade. The coming of internet facilities has brought a new revolution in the international business. The whole world is now becoming one market place where every business wants to develop at the global level. E-commerce has played an important role in the development of new age business. The problem matters for the international business in the present day is due to the development of E-commerce and Web 2.0 services that has proved to be a deciding factor in the growth and development of the business. Therefore this topic has been chosen to figure out the impact of E-Commerce on international business and how Web 2.0 services affecting the global marketing place. Literature review: According to Ruber and Fischer (2011), International business actually intends to exploit the opportunities at the global arena for business development. The various factors that attract the international business is achievement of gains like economies of scale, increased customer base, enhanced demand for company products etc. Thus companies become international either by opening their production system in other countries or just sales offices that supplies company products from head offices in other countries. This helps the customers to get the world class facility and services at their door steps. The advancement in the information and technology has supported the development process of the International business. It has not only allowed the businesses to grow and prosper in different countries but also keep control over its business set ups at different places. E-commerce has helped these international businesses to increase their speed and quality of communication. This has res ulted in quick and easy recording of transactions at various places. Also the decrease in cost has been achieved thereby meeting the financial constraints through the use of E-commerce facilities to support business operation and other functions. This way it has become an easier task to become a global business in the present day world(Reuber Fischer, 2011). Mostafa et. al. (2006) further found out that the Web 2.0 services has actually helped the top managers in different organizations to bring in influential decision making depending on the inputs received from these online sources. The customer reviews, views and thoughts are given due weightage and consideration leading to formulation of such policies that offers higher outcome for the business. This way the responses on the Web 2.0 services are taken as books of learning by the top managers so as to frame out future policies that prove more beneficial for the company. The customers also interact with each other through online chat and reviews which help each other share their personal experience and thoughts on particular product or service used lately. This affects the decision making for purchase by the customers. Finally the interaction between the customers and company officials also supported by the Web 2.0 services. These services offer the customers to interact directly with the company officials so that they can work together with their official teams to find out solution to the issues and problems faced by the customers. This way customers satisfaction is achieved through enhanced after sales service using the online medium. It could result in increasing customer loyalty and reference by the customer bringing more customers, profits and sales for the company(Mostafa et al., 2006). However Constantinides and Fountain (2007) claims that the information available through online sources through Web 2.0 applications lacks the qualitative credentials. Therefore these inputs cannot be depended upon for policy making. Therefore it has really become difficult to decide on the inputs received through online medium to consider for policy formulation purpose. Sometimes the irresponsible and mischief people sends such information online that are not dependable at all. Therefore the companies should not reply or make policies based on such replies and reviews. Sometimes even the competitors plans to discourse the company by sending customer replies through undercover agents who asks for such changes in product and services that could affect the product quality of the company. This way the responses available through Web 2.0 can also prove to be business threatening and discoursing experience that may finally affect the sustenance of the business(Constantindes Fountain, 200 7). According to Brabham (2008), international business through E-commerce has brought in various cost advantages to both companies and customers. The companies have to spend lesser on gaining popularity through advertisements. On the other hand the customers are able to see the online offers and compare the products with other brands which let them selecting the best featured and most appropriate product for themselves. Along with that customer loyalty and reduced risks on product development is also achieved through E-commerce. E-commerce therefore has brought in lesser distance between the business and customers. The customers can easily reach out to the business and vice versa. This has helped in removing the middle men that were actually causing issues and problems in delivering competitive prices and high quality products to the customers. This way the concept of direct selling has also come into function more effectively wherein the customers could make direct purchase through onl ine sources from the company website that is dedicated to support the business operation(Brabham, 2008). Berthon et al (2012) confirms that the development of E-commerce depends on the country development and state policies. Government of different countries frames out policies from time to time which they consider as appropriate for their country. This way they try to select the course of development for their countrymen. Thus a country with basic internet facilities will itself find ways of developing international business through E-commerce. The three elements that these countries with update internet abilities will observe is development of social media, shared value and finally institutional rules and regulations. These factors help in directing the trends towards a sustainable development of the International business in the country. The social and legal factors therefore play an important role in the development of Web 2.0 services and from them the international business activities using the E-commerce facilities. This way different government norms and conditions affect the de velopment of social media that affect the development process in the country(Berthon et al., 2012). Research questions: The research problem includes the various issues and problems that the present day multinational businesses are facing due to E-commerce. Although E-commerce has helped the business to become multinational but it has also increased the global competition and issues like legal and social for the companies. The coming of Web 2.0 service provided the customers with the ability to give their feedback and response on public websites. This has affected the global business either by getting recommendations leading to growth and development or by getting defamation leading to serious cut down in sales. This way the ability of the new technology to allow its people to interact and respond to the international business using Web 2.0 services has brought in a change in the marketing process. The customer behaviour has become more of rationale and dependent on views and reviews of others. Also the present day customers look in for after sales service. All these have made the present day business become more customers friendly. On the other side the business itself has observed huge changes from the recent past. The present day business has to work hard and smart with a view to survive the rising competition in the market and achieve satisfaction for the customers. The research questions can therefore be stated as below. What are the real life impacts of the internet on the international business? How is Web 2.0 affecting the E-commerce in the international business scenario? What the various problems and issues faced by the international business? The first question is about the real life impact of the internet on the internet business. That is how it has changed the global marketing scenario. The second question is about the effectiveness of the new age Web 2.0 service which has proved as an important factor in deciding the customer trend and behaviour. The third question is about the various problems and issues faced by the international business in the present day scenario which includes competition, legal, social and other associated issues around the globe. (Constantindes Fountain, 2007) Methodology: The research questions will be answered using mixed method that is both Qualitative and Quantitative method. The Qualitative method will bring in data, facts and figures from the earlier research issued in journals and magazines. They will help in bringing the data in limelight that will give the indications towards the recent trends in the international business due to the application of E-commerce and Web 2.0 services. The quantitative method will help in getting the first hand information from the sample population about the impact of E-commerce on international business. This way it will a lot more easier to find out how the international business has been developed due to E-commerce. Also it will get information about the issues and problems faced by international business due to the new age growing trend of using Web 2.0 services(Berthon et al., 2012). The research instruments used is survey through questionnaire filling from the sample of the target population. The data collection through qualitative research will be done by online research on latest articles, magazines, news, journals etc. The data collection for quantitative research will be done by filling the response of the sample of the target population on the research topic. The procedure followed will be personal contacts for surveying, interviewing and questionnaire filling. The sampling will be done on random basis keeping in mind that the people of all age group, gender and business status gets equal recognition in the research. This way a simple stratified sampling technique will be used for sampling. The data will be collected and then filled in the software that would further help in analysing the data and getting the desired outcome. The use of latest statistical software will be used to get data figures that will later compared with other factors so that the in-depth outcome can be achieved. Efforts will be made to keep the research valid by adding only the relevant questions in the questionnaire. The research process will be completed with due care to keep the record of the information safe. The processing of the data will be made error free at the best by taking precautions in filing data in the statistical software for further analysis. This way the reliability of the outcome is depended upon as all the precautionary measures of keeping data safe and update will be taken into consideration. A pilot survey or testing of interview and questionnaire technique will also be made to find out the outcome and making its comparison with the desired and estimated outcome. Hence we will be able to figure out if the questions are relevant, understandable and fully comply with the research work. This will help in evaluating the questionnaires and interviews such that they meet the research objectives and finally are capable enough to find out answers to the research questions(Chen Holsapple, 2013). Accss and ethics: The ethical implications of my work will be that the personal information of the respondents will be kept secret. Also the questionnaires will be read out to them if required to ensure clarity of the research objectives and the questions that are required to be filled. Proper space and time will be allotted to the respondents so that they can carefully answer all questions without any pressure of time and enjoy full secrecy in responding. I will gain access to the qualitative information through browsing of the research material on online magazines, news, journals etc. Further I will gain access to the quantitative information through personal contacts with the target population. (Azam, 2007) References: Atkinson, B. Miller, R., 1998. Business Economics. Harlow: Princeton Hall. Azam, R., 2007. E-Commerce Taxation and Cyberspace Law: The integrative Adaptation Model. Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, 12(5), pp.1-5. Begg, D. Ward, D., 2003. Economics for Business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0 social media and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business Horizons, 55(1), pp.261-71. Brabham, D., 2008. Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: An introduction and cases. Convergence. Chen, L. Holsapple, C.W., 2013. E-Business Adoption Research: State of the Art. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 14(3), pp.261-86. CommunityLegalInformationCentre, 2014. What are the basic requirements for making a valid contract? [Online] Available at: https://www.hkclic.org/en/topics/businessAndCommerce/setting_up_business_in_Hong_Kong/making_a_business_contract/q1.shtml [Accessed 1 December 2014]. Constantindes, E. Fountain, S.J., 2007. Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice., 9(3), pp.231-44. Filson, D., 2015. The Impact of E-Commerce Strategies on Firm Value: Lessons from Amazon.com and its early competitors. Chicago Journals., 77(52), pp.135-54. Goldstein, D., 2007. What is Customer Segmentation. [Online] Available at: mindofmarketing.net [Accessed 25 March 2015]. Jayachandran, S., 2004. Marketing Management. Excel Books India. Kotler, P. Gary, A., 2006. Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Malhotra, N.K., 2002. Basic Marketing Research: A Decision-Making Approach. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall. Mostafa, R.H.A., Wheeler, C. Jones, M.V., 2006. Entrepreneurial orientation, commitment to the internet and export performance in small and medium sized exporting firms. Journal of International Entrepreneurship., 3(1), pp.291-302. Nah, F.F.-H. Davis, S., 2002. HCI Research Issues in E-Commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 3(3), pp.98-125. Reuber, A.R. Fischer, E., 2011. International entrepreneurship in internet-enabled markets. Journal of Business venturing., 26(1), pp.660-79. Rodriguez-Adura, I., Meseguer-Artola, A. Vilaseca-Requena, J., 2008. Factors influencing the evolution of electronic commerce: An Emprical analysis in a developed market economy. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research., 3(2), pp.18-29.

People Performance Management Managers and Employees

Question: Discuss about the People Performance Management for Managers and Employees. Answer: Introduction Management of the people involves an act whereby the managers and employees come together and work in unison in planning, monitoring and reviewing the employees performance (Den Hartog, Boselie, Paauwe, 2004). Den Hartog Verburg (2004), advocated that performance management should be a continuous process rather than an annual performance review. Effective performance management should involve establishing objectives, evaluating the progress as well as offering coaching and feedback as a way of ensuring that the employees' performance and careers goals are met satisfactorily. Thangavelu Sudhahar (2014) noted that the core aim of the people performance management is to enhance the effectiveness of the employees. George Slabbert (2014) advocated that before the management puts into consideration the aspect of the employee development for effective performance it should ascertain whether the organization has effective human resource practices at hand that can boost the performance ma nagement procedure. Some of the human resource practices to consider include a well written and designed job descriptions, employees supervision, extensive employee training and development as well as favorable and supportive workplace environment. This essay seeks to analyze and evaluate how the management can effectively and successfully manage people at the organization set up. To address this phenomenon, this paper explores the steps that are primary in the performance management. As Askehave (2010)acknowledged, whether establishing new performance system or modifying the existing one, it is fundamental to communicate the steps as well as the purpose of the performance management to the company employees before any implementation. Again, it is critical for the organization to review the performance process on the annual basis and apply essential amendments were necessary. Before, analyzing the steps in the performance management, it is crucial to review some of the essentials fo r the effective people performance management. People Performance Management Effective people performance management process needs a manager's support regarding resources and time from the top management of the organization(Kong Thomson, 2009). To make an effective performance management system the company should consider several aspects including the corporate board, managers, and employees. This will ensure the total support from all the internal stakeholders of the company. Some of the critical aspects that should be included in the performance management system are as briefly discussed below: It should be specific and covering the wide variety of the jobs within the company Aligning the employees performance with business strategic goals and plans as well as culture. Be Practical and simple for easy understanding and use. It should involve a collaborative process whereby the establishment of the goals and performance review involving the communication between the management and the organization employees. It should be able to monitor and provide the criteria for measuring results and behaviors based on what and how. Involves both the encouraging feedback for excellent work accomplished as well as constructive feedback in case an improvement is required. Providing employees with training and development avenues to improve their performance. Ensuring that the people work plan is in alignment with strategic plans and goals of the organization. Establishing continuous communication between the management and the people as a channel of managers to communicate what employees are expected to achieve. Managers should be able to spot and recognize employee achievements. Trace the areas of poor performance and laid down the strategies of enhancing the performance. Support the employees in attaining their job as well as career goals by spotting training and development needs and opportunities respectively. It should support the management decision-making regarding rewards, compensation, and promotions Establish a legal procedure as the way of demonstrating and portraying due diligent in legal challenges associated with vicarious liability and dismissal of employees. Performance Management Cycle Planning Planning process is a collaborative step which requires the opinions and suggestions of both the managers and the employees(Schraeder Jordan, 2011). It involves the review of the employees' job description to ascertain whether it portray whether the work currently being done by employees. At this phase, all the essentials required for the effective performance management system is established. It at this step where the SMART objectives and indicators are established. The objectives at the beginning of the performance management should be: Specific; Measurable; Attainable; Realistic; and Time-bound. Monitoring Tung, Baird, Schoch (2011) noted that effective performance management considers continuous employee performance progress monitoring as the critical aspect. However, Brock Buckle (2013) advocated that monitoring should not focus on the day-to-day performance of the employees. This is because this may lead to monitoring of the aspects that are meaningless in the employee performance management. Managers should focus on the results achieved as well as team dynamics and behaviors influencing the work environment(Ehtesham, Muhammad, Muhammad, 2011). This is the critical step that determines the success or failure of the performance management, and thus it requires both the managers and the employees to meet regularly to assess the progress of the system. Some of the crucial aspects to be given consideration in this phase are continuous coaching and provision of feedback. Continuous Coaching Proficiency Level Evidence Basic understanding Performance management at this phase entails coaching employees to address issues and concerns associated with performance as a way of maintaining positive employee contribution to the organization. Working knowledge The task of the manager is to coach, and it should involve demonstrating outstanding leadership skills through providing employees with feedback and reassurance when undertaking the new tasks. Can do As a coach, the manager should identify the strengths and weaknesses among the employees. This should be accompanied by the manager working together with employees to trace the methods as well as opportunities appropriate of maximizing employee strengths as well as improve their weak areas. Exceptional The manager should be endowed with robust listening skills. This aspect should be supplemented with the potential to provide honest feedback. Role model The manager should be able to offer support, guidance, and direction necessary for the accomplishment of assigned tasks and activities. Providing Feedback Proficiency Level Evidence Basic understanding Providing feedback involves letting employees know about the results of the performance. Notes that for the feedback to act as a motivator, it should be frequent, specific and timely. Working knowledge The manager should provide both the constructive and supportive feedback. Constructive feedback aims at helping the employees improve their performance in the areas of weaknesses. On another hand, supportive feedback helps the employees to stay on the clear roadmap and focus on the achievement of the performance management objectives. Can do This aspect seeks to address what the managers, as well as employees, can do it to ensure effective performance management system. Exceptional Managers portray exceptional skills and abilities when providing both supportive and constructive feedback by demonstrating their understanding of the organization activities as well as recommending on the necessary measures which should be adopted to improve the employee performance. Role model Managers and leaders of the organization get the organizational objectives achieved through the efforts of the employees(Verbeeten, 2008). Therefore, it gives rise for the managers to behave in an exemplary manner so that the employees can emulate them as they strive to work towards the attainment of the company desired goals. Managers can portray this aspect when providing feedback by reflecting a behavior that they expect the employees to adopt. Reviewing This phase involves the reviewing the performance appraisal or assessment of all the employees' performance. This step provides the opportunity to highlight and summarize the employees performance over the period under review. According to Aguinis (2011) self-assessment forms the standard portion in the most performance appraisal. The usage of the assessment form and the appraisal plan acts as a guide for employees in assessing their performance as they prepare for the appraisal. Toppo Prusty (2012) argued that this procedure is useful in identifying the employees gap performance appraisal opinions and the views of the manager. Similarly, Peter Julie (2009) advocated that the managers should carry out a review of the performance management records developed throughout the year to ensure effectiveness in assessing the employees' performance at the end of the year. This strategy facilitates smooth addressing of the problems which may arise and complicate the performance appraisal. To facilitate the realization of the performance management results which can be embraced by both the management and the employees, the managers should put the following critical aspects into considerations: Employees appeals process Rater bias as well as assessment errors Development of the performance assessment form Competency profile Clear rating scales Employee training and development plan. Employee Appeals Process Despite the organization having a well-designed as well as implemented performance management system, there are scenarios whereby there are diverse differences between the management and the workers opinion on the performance assessment(Leggat, 2009). This calls for the management to establish a procedure to provide options for the discussion of the differences. Some of the options are outlined below: Option Type of discussion Step review system The disagreements between the manager and the concerned employee are sorted out in the presence of the manager in the higher rank. He or she may be the manager of the employee supervisor or if necessary the executive director. Peer review system This entails coming up with the small group that comprises equal numbers of the management staff and the employees to review the differences. Ombudsman This option gives the employee an opportunity to seek help from the member of the company who is regarded as non-partisan ombudsman. Rater Bias Ahmad (2012) noted that human judgment is prone to biases and errors due to his her perceptions towards certain individuals or objects. Similarly, when it comes to employee performance assessment, there is a possibility of the managers portraying biasness in rating employees performance. To the performance management system, effective assessment biases and errors avoidance should be the priority. Effective performance management should avoid the following biases. Bias Impact Halo Forms a generalization of rating the employee on a particularly positive impression. Horns The rater assesses the employee based on the certain negative attribute portrayed by an employee. Central tendency This tendency focuses on rating employees on an average basis. Leniency/Strictness bias The rater adopting this rating technique is more lenient or strict in comparison with the other raters. Same-as-me The rater rates favoring the employees who have the similar attributes as him or her. Development of Performance Assessment Form Proficiency Level Evidence Basic understanding This tool helps to document and guide the consultation between the employees and managers in the assessment of the employees performance. Working knowledge It gives out the standard employee information about his or her performance. Can do It involves ensuring the performance objectives in the assessment plan is feasible for the employees to achieve. Exceptional Entails providing the updates of the assessment plan to all the employees. Role model The instructions provided the manager in the assessment plan should match his or her actions as well as the objectives laid in the assessment form. Competency Profile Proficiency Level Evidence Basic understanding It Involves inclusion of problem solving, effective communication and team work competencies. Working knowledge Competencies demonstrated include assisting and cooperating with the team members to realize the target of the organization. Can do Aims at ensuring the employees are capable of demonstrating effective teamwork skills. Exceptional Managers can demonstrate unique skills by helping the employees to overcome the work barriers and challenges to realize success. Role model The manager should have enthusiasm and commitment in leading the employees to ensure effective performance management is achieved and maintained. Clear Rating Scales Rating scales included in the performance assessment helps in enhancing the assessment process. This is done to eliminate conflicts, ambiguity, and subjectivity and confusion that can hamper effective performance appraisal process. The simple rating scale can be used to address the following key work objectives: Exceeded objective Met objective Did not meet the objective Denotes the employee exceeded the expectations of the performance assessment The employee met the target goals. The employee performed below the bar. Employee Training and Development Plan Proficiency Level Evidence Basic understanding Involves both the managers and the employees identifying the areas that require training and development. Working knowledge Managers are responsible for undertaking the employees through the training process to prepare will skills and knowledge needed for the development. Can do Entails identification of the activities that the employees can undertake. Exceptional Includes understanding how to plan for effective training and development process. Role model Managers should portray commitment and look more comfortable as well as effective when leading the employees during training and development process. Conclusion People performance is the critical responsibility of the organization. All the managers irrespective of the department should develop the essential skills which will ensure effective management of the employee performance. Bearing in mind the employees are the most fundamental resources of the organizations, the management should establish a robust strategy that will ensure that the performance of the employees is managed effectively. Besides, the organization should ensure that both the employees and the managers are involved in the performance assessment of the employees. This will ensure minimization of the disagreements which might arise between managers and the employees after the performance appraisal. Additionally, the raters should avoid the biases and errors in the assessment of the employees performance to motivate them and improve their performance. References Toppo, L., Prusty, T. (2012). From Performance Appraisal to Performance Management. Journal of Business and Management, 3(5), 01-06. Aguinis, H. (2011). Performance Management. Edinburgh: Heriot-Watt University. Ahmad, M. S. (2012). Impact Of Organizational Culture On Performance Management Practices In Pakistan. Business Intelligence Journal, 5(1), 50-55. Askehave, I. (2010). Communicating leadership: A discourse analytical perspective on the job advertisement. Journal of Business Communication, 47(3), 313-345. Brock, M. E., Buckle, M. R. (2013). Human resource functioning in an information society. Practical suggestions and future implications. Public Personnel Management, 42(2), 272-280. Den Hartog, D. N., Verburg, R. M. (2004). High-performance work systems, organizational culture, and perceived organizational effectiveness. Human Resource Management Journal, 14(2), 55-78. Ehtesham, M., Muhammad, T. M., Muhammad, S. A. (2011). The relationship between Organizational Culture and Performance Management Practices: A Case of University in Pakistan. Journal of Competitiveness, 4(3), 78-86. George, R., Slabbert, A. (2014). A Focused Analysis of Recruitment and Performance Management in the Import and Export Industry. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 1(1), 8-16. Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P., Paauwe, J. (2004). Performance Management: A Model and Research Agenda. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW, 53(4), 556569. Kong, E., Thomson, B. (2009). An intellectual capital perspective of human resource strategies and practices. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 7(1), 356-364. Leggat, S. G. (2009). A guide to performance management for the Health Information Manager. HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, 38(3), 11-17. Peter, P., Julie, P. (2009). The Dilemma of Performance Appraisal. Measuring Business Excellence, 13(4), 69-77. Schraeder, M., Jordan, J. (2011). Managing performance. Journal for Quality 7 Participation, 34(2), 4-10. Thangavelu, A., Sudhahar, C. (2014). Performance Management Challenges in IT Industry An Overview. Global Journal For Research Analysis, 3(2), 98-100. Tung, A., Baird, K., Schoch, H. P. (2011). Factors influencing the effectiveness of performance measurement systems. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 31(12), 1287-1310. Verbeeten, F. H. (2008). Performance management practices in public sector organizations. Impact on performance. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 21(3), 427-454.